Urinary Tract Infection

A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common medical condition characterized by the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Bacteria, most often Escherichia coli (E. coli) originating from the bowel flora, are the primary culprits, although fungi and viruses can also be responsible. UTIs can be categorized into lower UTIs, affecting the bladder (cystitis) and urethra (urethritis), and upper UTIs, impacting the kidneys (pyelonephritis). Symptoms vary depending on the infection's site but often include a strong urge to urinate, painful urination, cloudy urine, and lower abdominal pain.

Diagnosis of a UTI is primarily based on the presence of symptoms and is confirmed by urinalysis and urine culture to detect pathogens and assess their antimicrobial sensitivity. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, with the choice of drug, dosage, and treatment duration depending on the severity of the infection, the patient's medical history, and potential antibiotic resistance. Preventative measures include adequate hydration, proper genital hygiene, and, for those at increased risk, potentially prophylactic antibiotics. Left untreated, UTIs can lead to serious complications, including kidney damage and sepsis, particularly in upper UTIs.