Ulcer

An ulcer is a break in the lining of an organ or tissue where the surface cells become eroded, leading to an open sore. Ulcers can occur in various parts of the body but are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract, specifically in the stomach (gastric ulcer) or the initial portion of the small intestine (duodenal ulcer), collectively known as peptic ulcers. The erosion is typically the result of an imbalance between digestive fluids (hydrochloric acid and pepsin) and the body's ability to protect itself from these harsh substances. Factors that can contribute to this imbalance include infections with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), stress, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.

Symptoms of ulcers can vary but often include abdominal pain, bloating, a feeling of fullness, heartburn, nausea, and in more severe cases, bleeding, which can manifest as vomiting blood or black, tarry stools. Diagnosis is made through medical history, clinical examination, and confirmatory tests such as endoscopy or barium swallow tests. Treatment may involve a combination of medications to reduce acid production, eradicate H. pylori infection if present, and promote healing of the ulcer, alongside lifestyle modifications to help manage and prevent further complications.