Tetanus

Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which is commonly found in soil, dust, and animal feces. The bacteria produce spores that are highly resistant to extreme conditions and can enter the human body through cuts, punctures, or wounds, especially those contaminated with dirt or debris. Once inside the body, these spores germinate into active bacteria that produce a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin interferes with the normal activity of motor neurons, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms, which are the hallmark symptoms of tetanus.

The initial symptoms of tetanus may include jaw cramping, sudden involuntary muscle tightening (often in the stomach), and difficulty swallowing. As the condition progresses, it can cause severe and painful muscle contractions, particularly in the neck and jaw muscles, sometimes referred to as "lockjaw." Tetanus can also result in generalized muscle spasms and stiffness throughout the body. Without prompt treatment, which typically involves antitoxins, antibiotics, and supportive care, tetanus can lead to serious health complications, including respiratory failure and death. Vaccination remains the most effective means of prevention and is often administered in conjunction with diphtheria and pertussis vaccines (as DTap or Tdap).