Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. The thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck, plays a critical role in regulating metabolic processes throughout the body via the release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). When production of these hormones is insufficient, it can lead to a slowdown in the body's metabolism affecting various bodily functions. The etiology of hypothyroidism can be primary, originating from the thyroid gland itself, or secondary, due to pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunctions.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism are often nonspecific and can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and hair loss, among others. Diagnosis is primarily based on blood tests measuring levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (T4). Elevated TSH and low free T4 are indicative of hypothyroidism. Treatment typically involves daily administration of synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine to normalize hormone levels and alleviate symptoms. Regular monitoring of TSH is necessary to ensure that the correct dosage is maintained, as individual needs may change over time.