Spina Bifida

Spina bifida is a neurological disorder that belongs to a class of birth defects called neural tube defects. It occurs when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly during embryonic development, leading to varying degrees of disability. This condition can be categorized into several types, with the most common being spina bifida occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. In spina bifida occulta, the mildest form, there is a small gap in one or more of the vertebrae with typically no nerve damage. Meningocele involves a sac of fluid that comes through an opening in the baby’s back but does not contain the spinal cord, often resulting in mild problems. Myelomeningocele, the most severe form, involves the spinal canal remaining open along several vertebrae in the back, allowing the spinal cord and membranes to protrude through an opening, which can result in neurological impairments.

Risk factors for spina bifida include family history, folate deficiency, and certain medications during pregnancy. Symptoms can range from asymptomatic to severe, including problems with mobility and incontinence. Treatment is individualized and may include surgery, physiotherapy, and assistive devices. Prenatal surgery to repair myelomeningocele can improve outcomes, and adequate intake of folic acid before conception and during pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of spina bifida.