Sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition triggered by the body’s response to an infection. It occurs when the immune system's reaction to pathogens leads to widespread inflammation, which can result in damage to multiple organ systems. The process begins when an infectious agent, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, invades the body and the immune system responds disproportionately. This can escalate into a cascade of changes, including the release of inflammatory molecules and the activation of coagulation pathways, potentially leading to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). If not promptly recognized and treated, sepsis can progress to severe sepsis, where organ dysfunction occurs, and septic shock, characterized by significant hypotension that is refractory to fluid resuscitation and associated with a high mortality rate.

Early detection and treatment are pivotal in managing sepsis. Clinical signs may include fever, increased heart and respiratory rates, confusion, and evidence of infection. Treatment involves addressing the underlying infection with antimicrobial therapy, supporting organ function, and preventing complications. This often necessitates intensive care, with interventions such as intravenous fluids, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, and respiratory support. Aggressive management is crucial, as the mortality rate for sepsis increases with each hour that treatment is delayed.