Scleroderma

Scleroderma, from the Greek words "skleros" (hard) and "derma" (skin), is a group of rare, chronic autoimmune diseases that involve the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues—the fibers that provide the framework and support for the body. In more severe cases, scleroderma also affects internal organs, such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract, leading to a range of complications. The hallmark of scleroderma is an overproduction of collagen, which is a key component of connective tissues. This overproduction leads to the characteristic thickening and hardening of the affected areas.

Scleroderma is classified into localized and systemic forms. Localized scleroderma primarily affects the skin, whereas systemic scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, can involve many body parts or systems. Symptoms vary greatly among individuals and can range from mild to life-threatening. Common manifestations include Raynaud's phenomenon (a condition resulting in discoloration of the fingers and toes), skin changes, joint pain, and acid reflux. There is no cure for scleroderma, but treatments focus on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Current approaches may include medications, physical therapy, and, in some cases, surgery. Management often requires a multidisciplinary team of specialists.