Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a medical condition characterized by a set of physical and emotional symptoms that affect women typically in the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle, after ovulation and before the start of menstruation. The intensity and type of symptoms can vary widely among women, but commonly include mood swings, irritability, depression, abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, and headaches. While the exact etiology of PMS is not fully understood, it is thought to be linked to the cyclical hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, particularly the changes in estrogen and progesterone levels, and their interaction with neurotransmitters in the brain.

To establish a diagnosis of PMS, the symptoms must be cyclical, occurring in the premenstrual phase, and must significantly impact daily functioning or quality of life. The symptoms usually resolve once menstruation begins or shortly thereafter. It is important to differentiate PMS from more severe conditions such as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which has similar but more intense symptoms. Treatment options for PMS can include lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and diet changes, pharmacotherapy like NSAIDs for pain or hormonal contraceptives to stabilize hormonal variation, and psychological support. Each patient’s management plan is tailored to her specific symptom profile and severity.