Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a combination of clinical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic findings. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels which can cause hirsutism and acne. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs. The etiology of PCOS includes a complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia playing a central role in the pathophysiology of the condition.

The diagnosis of PCOS is typically made using the Rotterdam criteria, which require two of the following three features: oligo-anovulation (infrequent or irregular ovulation), hyperandrogenism (clinical or biochemical), and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound, after excluding other etiologies for hyperandrogenism and menstrual irregularity. Long-term health risks associated with PCOS include type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and endometrial cancer. Management strategies focus on symptom relief, such as hormonal contraception to regularize menstrual cycles, anti-androgens to reduce hirsutism, and lifestyle interventions for weight management. Infertility treatments may be necessary for women with PCOS who desire pregnancy.