Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing individuals to an increased risk of fractures. Bone strength reflects the integration of bone density and bone quality, which together determine the bone's resistance to stress and fractures. In osteoporosis, there is a reduction in bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, leading to bone fragility. This condition is commonly asymptomatic until a fracture occurs, typically in the wrist, hip, or vertebrae. Osteoporosis is more prevalent in postmenopausal women due to the rapid decrease in estrogen levels, which is vital for bone health, but it can also affect men and younger individuals.

The diagnosis of osteoporosis can be made based on the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The results are compared to a young healthy population and are expressed as a T-score, with scores at or below -2.5 indicative of osteoporosis. A comprehensive medical approach to managing osteoporosis includes prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies focusing on nutritional supplementation (calcium and vitamin D), regular weight-bearing exercise, lifestyle modifications (like smoking cessation and alcohol moderation), and pharmacotherapy aimed at inhibiting bone resorption or stimulating bone formation to reduce fracture risk.