Oral Cancer

Oral cancer refers to malignancies that develop in any part of the oral cavity, which includes the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palates, sinuses, and pharynx (throat), potentially leading to life-threatening complications if not diagnosed and treated early. It typically manifests as a persistent growth or sore in the mouth that does not heal. Oral cancers are primarily squamous cell carcinomas, originating in the tissues that line the mouth and lips. The exact etiology of oral cancer is not fully understood but is linked to certain risk factors like tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, excessive sun exposure to the lips, and a family history of cancer.

Detection and diagnosis of oral cancer are critical and often begin with a physical examination, which may include palpation and visualization of lesions. Symptoms can include persistent mouth sores, pain, lumps or rough spots, difficulty chewing or swallowing, and changes in voice. Diagnosis may be confirmed through a biopsy and the disease staged with imaging techniques. Management of oral cancer usually involves a multidisciplinary approach that can include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the aim of removing the cancer and reducing the risk of metastasis or recurrence. Early-stage oral cancer has a higher survival rate, emphasizing the importance of regular dental check-ups and self-examination for early detection.