Migraine

Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe in nature. Typically, these headaches are unilateral, pulsating, and can be aggravated by routine physical activities. Migraines often present with a constellation of accompanying symptoms such as sensitivity to light (photophobia), sound (phonophobia), and sometimes smells. Nausea and vomiting can also occur. The duration of a migraine attack varies but usually lasts from a few hours to 2-3 days. Migraines may be preceded by aura, sensory disturbances that manifest as visual flashes, zigzag lines, or temporary vision loss, which act as a warning sign before the headache onset.

The pathophysiology of migraine is complex and not entirely understood. It is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The current understanding is that migraine is related to a dysfunction in the brain's pain control pathways as well as imbalances in neurotransmitters, chemicals that transmit signals in the brain, including serotonin. Triggers for migraine episodes can include stress, hormonal changes, certain foods and drinks, changes in sleep patterns, and sensory stimuli. Management of migraines often requires a multi-pronged approach including lifestyle modifications, acute symptomatic treatment to relieve pain and symptoms, and preventive medications to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks.