Menopause

Menopause is the natural biological process marking the end of a woman's reproductive years, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55. Medically, it is defined as the cessation of menstruation for 12 consecutive months due to the decline of ovarian function, resulting in reduced secretion of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This hormonal shift can lead to various physiological and psychological changes. Symptoms are variable among women but may include hot flashes, night sweats, mood fluctuations, and vaginal dryness. Long-term effects of decreased hormone levels include an increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

The diagnosis of menopause is usually clinical, based on symptom history and the absence of menstruation. Healthcare providers may perform blood tests to measure levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol to confirm menopausal status, especially in cases of early or surgically induced menopause. Management of menopausal symptoms focuses on improving quality of life and might include lifestyle modifications, hormone replacement therapy, and alternative medicine approaches. The choice of treatment is personalized and considers the severity of symptoms, the individual's health history, and the risk-benefit profile of available therapies.