Malaria

Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The five species of Plasmodium that affect humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi. Of these, P. falciparum is the most deadly, and it is predominant in Africa, where the majority of malaria cases and deaths occur. Upon being bitten by an infected mosquito, the parasites enter the bloodstream and travel to the liver, where they multiply. They re-enter the bloodstream to infect red blood cells, leading to cycles of fever, chills, and a variety of other symptoms.

The clinical manifestations of malaria include fever, headache, chills, and vomiting, typically appearing a few weeks after the bite. If not treated promptly and effectively, it can lead to severe illness and even death, particularly in vulnerable populations like children and pregnant women. Diagnosis is typically through microscopic examination of blood or rapid diagnostic tests. The disease is preventable and treatable with medication, but emerging drug resistance is a growing concern. Preventative measures include vector control strategies like the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as chemoprophylaxis for travelers to endemic areas.