Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental physiological response by the body's immune system to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and initiate the healing process for the affected tissues. There are two main types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammation typically occurs for a short duration and is characterized by five cardinal signs: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Chronic inflammation is prolonged, may follow acute inflammation or occur as a separate, slower onset process, and can lead to a host of diseases, such as arthritis, heart disease, and some cancers.

The process of inflammation involves various cellular and molecular responses. Blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow to the injured area, facilitating the arrival of immune cells and the removal of toxins. White blood cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, are recruited to the site of injury, where they engulf and neutralize pathogens or debris. Inflammation also leads to the release of substances called cytokines and chemokines that facilitate communication between cells, mobilize protective cells to the injury site, and promote the repair of tissue. While inflammation is essential for healing, uncontrolled or inappropriate inflammation can cause damage, highlighting the need for a precise balance in the immune response.