Hormones

Hormones are biochemical messengers produced by specialized glands in the body, called endocrine glands. These include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes, and pancreas, among others. Hormones are released directly into the bloodstream, which carries them to target organs or cells where they exert their effects. They regulate a myriad of physiological processes including growth and development, metabolism, sexual function, reproduction, and mood. Hormones operate at very low concentrations and their secretion is often tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis.

The balance and function of hormones are critical for health. For example, insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is essential for the regulation of glucose levels in the blood. Disorders of hormone production or action can lead to significant medical conditions. Hyperthyroidism, for instance, results from excessive thyroid hormone production and can cause weight loss and increased heart rate. Contrastingly, a deficiency in insulin action or production leads to diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by high blood sugar levels. Treatment of hormonal disorders typically involves restoring normal hormone levels, either through hormone replacement therapy, medication that modulates hormone action, or surgery to correct glandular dysfunctions.