Hives

Hives, medically known as urticaria, is a skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance of itchy, raised, red or skin-colored welts (wheals) on the skin's surface. These welts can vary in size and shape, may be surrounded by a red flare, and can occur anywhere on the body. Acute urticaria typically lasts less than six weeks, often triggered by allergies to foods, medications, or other allergens. Chronic urticaria continues beyond six weeks and its cause is more challenging to pinpoint, often requiring further medical investigation.

The pathogenesis of hives involves histamine and other inflammatory mediators released from mast cells and basophils in the skin. This release can be triggered by an allergic reaction, physical stimuli, such as pressure or cold, certain medications, infections, or even stress. The resulting dilation of blood vessels leads to fluid leakage into the surrounding tissue, causing the swelling and itching associated with the hives. Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms and includes antihistamines, which reduce itching and swelling. In severe cases, oral corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents may be prescribed. Identifying and avoiding triggers is also an essential component of management for those with recurrent episodes.