HIV

HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a retrovirus that targets the human immune system, primarily the CD4+ T cells, which play a critical role in immune response. By integrating its genetic material into the host cells, it hijacks their machinery to replicate and spread. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of these immune cells, individuals become increasingly susceptible to infections and conditions that a healthy immune system would typically ward off. Without effective treatment, HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition.

Diagnosis of HIV is through blood tests that detect antibodies, antigens, or viral RNA. The advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV from a fatal diagnosis into a manageable chronic condition for many, as it suppresses viral replication and restores immune function to some extent. Due to this treatment, those with HIV can lead longer and healthier lives, although a complete cure remains elusive. ART also significantly reduces the risk of virus transmission, emphasizing the importance of early detection and continuous treatment to manage the disease and prevent its spread.