Graves Disease

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It is characterized by the immune system producing antibodies known as thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) that cause the thyroid gland to produce excessive thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This excess in hormone levels accelerates the body's metabolism, leading to various symptoms and systemic effects. Common symptoms include weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat, sweating, irritability, and nervousness, among others. Graves' disease is most prevalent among women and typically presents in middle age.

Diagnosis of Graves' disease is usually based on clinical presentation, blood tests that show elevated levels of T3 and T4 with suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and the presence of TSIs. Additional diagnostic tools can include thyroid scans or ultrasounds. Treatment options aim to reduce thyroid hormone production and may include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery. In addition, symptomatic treatment for issues like a rapid heart rate may be addressed separately. Long term management is crucial as the disease can have significant complications such as osteoporosis or heart problems if left untreated.