GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder where stomach acid or, occasionally, bile flows back into the esophagus, leading to irritation of the lining of the esophagus. This backflow, known as acid reflux, can occur when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)—the muscle ring that closes off the stomach from the esophagus—weakens or relaxes improperly. The LES acts as a one-way valve, and when it doesn't function correctly, the acidic stomach contents can cause symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and discomfort.

Diagnosis of GERD typically involves a detailed medical history and may also include procedures such as an endoscopy, where a camera is used to examine the esophagus, or pH monitoring to measure acid levels. Long-term complications of untreated GERD include esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), strictures, Barrett's esophagus (a precursor to esophageal cancer), and an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Management of GERD usually involves lifestyle modifications—such as dietary changes, weight loss, and elevating the head of the bed—alongside over-the-counter or prescription medications that reduce stomach acid production, such as H2 receptor blockers or proton pump inhibitors. In more severe cases, surgical interventions may be considered.