Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused primarily by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and less commonly by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which is more often associated with oral herpes (cold sores). The virus resides in nerve cells and can reactivate periodically, causing symptomatic outbreaks or remaining asymptomatic. Symptomatic genital herpes is characterized by clusters of painful blisters or open sores on and around the genitals, rectum, or mouth that heal over a period of several weeks. Other symptoms may include itching, pain during urination, and flu-like symptoms.

Transmission of the virus occurs through direct contact with herpes sores during sexual activity, although transmission can still happen when no sores are present due to asymptomatic viral shedding. No cure exists for genital herpes, but antiviral medications can manage outbreaks and reduce the risk of transmission. These medications can be used episodically to treat outbreaks or taken daily as suppressive therapy. Proper use of condoms can reduce but not completely prevent the risk of transmission. Individuals with genital herpes should inform their sexual partners and should avoid sexual activity during active outbreaks. Regular STI screenings and open communication regarding sexual health are integral to managing and preventing the spread of genital herpes.