Fifth Disease

Fifth Disease, also known as erythema infectiosum, is a mild but contagious viral infection most commonly affecting children, caused by human parvovirus B19. Clinically, it is characterized by a distinctive red rash on the cheeks, sometimes referred to as "slapped cheek" syndrome. The infection often begins with nonspecific symptoms like low-grade fever, headache, runny nose, and malaise. After several days, the hallmark rash appears, typically spreading to the arms, legs, and trunk, which may itch and usually resolves in seven to ten days. In addition to the rash, some individuals, especially adults, may experience joint pain or swelling.

In most cases, Fifth Disease is self-limiting and requires only supportive treatment, such as hydration, rest, and analgesics for fever or joint discomfort. However, it can pose greater risks for certain populations, including pregnant women, individuals with weakened immune systems, or those with certain blood disorders like sickle cell anemia, as parvovirus B19 can lead to severe anemia or other complications. Infection in pregnant women can result in hydrops fetalis or miscarriage. As it is spread primarily through respiratory secretions, good hand hygiene and avoiding close contact with infected individuals are important preventive measures. There is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for Fifth Disease.