Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological condition where tissues similar to the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, grow outside the uterine cavity. These misplaced endometrial-like tissues can be found on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the outer surface of the uterus, and other pelvic organs. This ectopic tissue responds to the hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle, leading to cyclical bleeding and associated inflammation in areas not equipped to manage menstrual flow. The result is chronic pelvic pain and significant inflammation that can manifest during periods, with intercourse, during urination or defecation, or chronically.

The condition is associated with a set of symptoms including, but not limited to, severe menstrual cramps, chronic lower abdominal or back pain, long or heavy menstrual periods, and pain during sexual intercourse. It can also lead to infertility. The exact cause of endometriosis is not clearly understood, but various theories point to mechanisms such as retrograde menstruation, immune system disorders, and genetic factors. Diagnosis is often pursued through clinical examination, imaging studies, and definitively confirmed via laparoscopy, which allows for direct visualization and biopsy of lesions. Management includes pharmacological pain relief, hormonal therapies, and in some cases, surgical intervention to remove ectopic tissue and restore fertility where necessary.