Constipation

Constipation is a common gastrointestinal condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements or difficult passage of stools that persists for several weeks or longer. Medically, it is often defined as having fewer than three bowel movements per week. During constipation, stools may be hard, dry, small in size, and tough to eliminate. This can lead to straining during bowel movements and a sense that not all stool has passed. Several factors can contribute to constipation, including a low fiber diet, inadequate fluid intake, lack of physical activity, medication side effects, ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement, and underlying medical conditions.

From a pathophysiological standpoint, constipation can be caused by slow stool transit through the colon or due to dysfunction in the anorectal area impeding defecation. It is categorized into two main types: functional (primary) constipation, where the bowel is healthy but not working correctly, and secondary constipation, which is caused by an underlying medical condition such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, or neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes, such as increased fiber and water intake, exercise, and over-the-counter or prescription laxatives. However, for persisting symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional to rule out more serious conditions and to establish an effective treatment plan.