Common Cold

The common cold is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, primarily affecting the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx. It is one of the most frequent human ailments, caused mainly by rhinoviruses, but can also be attributed to other viruses like coronaviruses, adenoviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus. The pathogenesis of the common cold involves the infection of the mucosal cells lining the nasal passages, triggering an immune response that results in symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, coughing, sore throat, sneezing, and sometimes a mild fever. While it is generally mild and self-limiting, lasting around 7 to 10 days, it can lead to secondary bacterial infections and complications in immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, or those with underlying respiratory conditions.

No cure for the common cold exists, and treatment is mostly symptomatic, aiming to relieve discomfort and to aid the body's immune response. Decongestants, pain relievers, cough suppressants, and antihistamines are commonly used over-the-counter medications for symptom relief, while adequate rest, hydration, and a healthy diet can support recovery. Preventative measures include hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and maintaining a strong immune system through regular exercise and a balanced diet. Cold weather does not cause the common cold; however, it can facilitate the spread of viruses as people spend more time indoors in close proximity.