Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a type of malignancy that affects the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus connecting to the vagina. The condition often develops from pre-cancerous changes over many years. The primary cause is persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection. While HPV infection is common and often clears on its own, chronic infection with these high-risk strains can lead to cellular changes, known as dysplasia, that may progress to cancer if left untreated. Other risk factors include smoking, immunosuppression, and having multiple sexual partners. Early stages of cervical cancer generally produce no symptoms, but advanced disease can cause abnormal vaginal bleeding, discharge, or pain during intercourse.

Screening methods such as the Pap smear and the HPV DNA test are critical for early detection of cervical precancerous conditions. The Pap smear can identify abnormal cervical cells, while the HPV test looks for the presence of high-risk HPV types. Treatment depends on the stage of cancer and can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Vaccines against HPV are highly effective at preventing the types of infections that can lead to cervical cancer, making vaccination an essential tool in reducing its incidence. Regular screening and vaccination have contributed to a significant decline in cervical cancer rates in many countries.