Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Normally, cell growth and division is a highly regulated process, but when this regulation fails due to genetic mutations, cells can begin to proliferate without restraint. These mutations can be inherited or acquired through exposure to various risk factors such as tobacco smoke, radiation, certain chemicals, and some viruses and bacteria. As these abnormal cells accumulate, they can form masses known as tumors, which can either be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and organs, a process called metastasis, which often complicates treatment and reduces the likelihood of a successful outcome.

From a clinical standpoint, cancer is diagnosed through various tests, including biopsies, imaging, and blood tests, which help determine the type, extent, and aggressiveness of the disease. Cancer treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the specific type and stage of the cancer. Early detection and treatment are crucial as they can significantly improve the prognosis and survival rates. Continued research provides better understanding of cancer biology, leading to more effective and personalized treatment strategies.