Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder is a complex mental health condition characterized by significant mood swings that include emotional highs (manias or hypomanias) and lows (depression). In the manic phase, individuals may experience heightened energy, euphoria, reduced need for sleep, and inflated self-esteem, often resulting in impulsive behaviors and poor decision-making. Contrastingly, the depressive phase brings about feelings of sadness, hopelessness, a decreased or absent interest in activities, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and in severe cases, thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

This disorder is categorized into Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymic Disorder, depending on the nature and severity of mood episodes. Bipolar I is defined by the occurrence of at least one manic episode which might be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. Bipolar II involves a pattern of depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode, with less extreme manic symptoms. Cyclothymia is recognized by periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least two years (one year for children and adolescents), with symptoms not meeting the full criteria for hypomanic or depressive episodes. Diagnosis is clinical, often requiring a detailed medical history and assessment by a mental health professional. Treatment typically combines mood stabilizers, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to manage symptoms and maintain a stable quality of life.