Acne

Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically presents as an eruption of lesions such as whiteheads, blackheads, and pimples predominantly on the face, forehead, chest, upper back, and shoulders. Acne is most prevalent during adolescence due to hormonal changes that can increase oil secretion, but it can affect individuals of any age. The severity of acne can vary from a few occasional spots to widespread and inflamed nodules and cysts that can potentially lead to scarring.

From a medical perspective, acne is classified based on its severity and type of lesions. Comedones (whiteheads and blackheads) are non-inflammatory acne lesions, while papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts represent inflammatory acne. The pathophysiology of acne involves four key factors: excess oil production, follicular hyperkeratinization, microbial colonization by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), and inflammation. Treatment is tailored to the type and severity of acne and could include topical agents like retinoids and antimicrobials, oral medications such as antibiotics and isotretinoin, and hormone-modulating therapies for some women. Management also includes gentle skin care and, in certain cases, procedural interventions such as light therapy and chemical peels.