10 Sign and Symptoms of HIV in Males

Since 1996, there has been a significant decrease in HIV infections by 50%. Data from UNAIDS reveal that as of the close of 2017, approximately 36.9 million individuals globally were living with HIV, with a prevalence rate higher among men. It is important to note that with prompt diagnosis and efficacious treatment, individuals diagnosed with HIV can expect a life expectancy comparable to those who are not infected.

1. Early Signs of HIV Infection

Approximately 50% of individuals diagnosed with HIV encounter initial symptoms akin to influenza within the first two to four weeks post-infection. These symptoms, possibly persisting from a few days to several weeks, manifest as fever, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, and chills, along with possible night sweats and swollen lymph nodes. Conversely, less than 40% of those in the acute phase of HIV infection may experience no symptoms, hence maintaining a perception of good health. Some may encounter only mild symptoms, which are often disregarded as they are mistaken for common influenza or a cold.

2. Symptoms During the Clinical Latency Stage

During the asymptomatic phase of chronic HIV infection, individuals may not exhibit any signs of illness, yet they remain capable of transmitting the virus. This stage can persist for a decade, with the virus replicating at a slower pace. Nevertheless, some individuals may start to suffer from respiratory issues, unintentional weight loss, persistent fatigue, diarrhea, and persistent coughing. Without appropriate medical intervention, these symptoms may hasten the progression of HIV into AIDS. It is vital to understand that untreated latent HIV has the potential to evolve into AIDS, underscoring the importance of regular monitoring and treatment.

3. Anxiety and Depression

Healthcare professionals sometimes may not adequately recognize symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with HIV, a concern given that depression is prevalent in approximately 22 percent of these individuals. Attending to mental health is crucial, yet psychological concerns can remain unnoticed when the emphasis is placed predominantly on managing the physical aspects of the condition. Symptoms such as suicidal ideation, disruptions in sleep, and continuous restlessness are indicators of these significant mental health challenges. While HIV does not directly cause anxiety, the American Psychiatric Association notes that certain antiretroviral medications might contribute to anxiety. The impact of anxiety may be exacerbated in those who lack a robust support network post-diagnosis. It is imperative for medical professionals to provide comprehensive care that includes mental health evaluation and support for those living with HIV.

4. Seizures

Seizures can manifest at any stage of HIV infection, although they are more typically associated with the disease's advanced phases. Typically, an individual seizure will resolve within five minutes. However, it's noteworthy that patients with HIV have an increased likelihood of experiencing status epilepticus, which is a prolonged seizure condition. The etiology of seizures in HIV-infected individuals is multifaceted, with possible causes ranging from metabolic disturbances and cerebral pathology to infections such as meningitis and conditions like encephalopathy that disrupt normal brain function. To manage seizures, healthcare professionals often administer anticonvulsants.

5. Mouth Issues and Eating Problems

Individuals with HIV may experience a range of symptoms that affect their oral and digestive systems. Early in the infection, nausea and vomiting are frequently reported symptoms. Appetite loss and gastrointestinal complications can manifest at any stage of HIV and may signal concerns with other organs, such as the kidneys. Inflammatory conditions of the tongue, mouth ulcers, and lesions can lead to difficulties in eating, potentially resulting in weight loss. Furthermore, esophageal complications, particularly fungal infections such as Candidiasis, rank as some of the most prevalent conditions associated with HIV.

6. Hypertension and Heart Issues

Individuals living with HIV are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are responsible for nearly 20% of mortality in this population. CVD events, such as strokes and heart attacks, are typically triggered by significant blockages in the heart's blood vessels, impacting the organ's function. HIV infection has been associated with a decrease in beneficial cholesterol levels and a rise in triglycerides, both factors that can contribute to heart disease. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a cornerstone in managing HIV and can potentially raise blood lipid levels, thus heightening CVD risk, it also possesses anti-inflammatory properties that may mitigate some of the cardiovascular risks. ART remains indispensable in the treatment of HIV, balancing the management of the virus with the potential impacts on cardiovascular health.

7. Changes in Fingernails and Toenails

In advanced stages of HIV, individuals may notice changes in their nails, such as thickening and an altered curvature. The lunula, which is the white crescent-shaped area at the nail base, might become less prominent or disappear. Additionally, nails may display vertical or horizontal discolorations, presenting as brown or black streaks. These nail modifications, along with potential fungal infections such as those caused by Candida, are often indicative of compromised immunity, associated with a decrease in white blood cell counts. Changes could also manifest in hair, skin, and oral health. Nails, along with other physiological aspects, serve as indicators of the body's overall well-being and immune system integrity in the context of HIV progression.

8. Skin Conditions

Individuals with HIV may experience a variety of dermatological conditions. For instance, Molluscum contagiosum, characterized by small pink or brownish bumps, is an exceedingly transmissible skin affliction commonly observed in those with HIV. Additionally, patients may be susceptible to Kaposi's sarcoma, which presents as brown, red, or purple skin lesions, and they may frequently encounter instances of herpes and other skin rashes. It is essential for affected individuals to receive appropriate medical care to manage these conditions.

9. Kidney Damage

HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a condition impacting renal function, often exacerbated by comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. Elevated viral loads and reduced CD4 lymphocyte counts, alongside co-infections with Hepatitis B or C, are known risk factors that heighten the likelihood of renal complications in HIV-positive patients. Historically, approximately 30% of individuals with HIV have faced kidney disease; however, the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has substantially reduced the prevalence of this complication.

10. Neuropathy

HIV has the potential to impact the neurological systems, specifically the sensory, motor, and thoracic nerves. This can lead to symptoms such as numbness, pain, or atypical sensations in the extremities. Individuals may experience heightened sensitivity where a light touch might result in discomfort. As neuropathy progresses, it can lead to muscle weakness in the hands and feet. Additionally, if the cranial nerves are affected, it can cause compromised motor functions in the facial region. In certain instances, the medications used to treat HIV can also contribute to the development of neuropathy.