Crohn's Disease and Its 10 Symptoms

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive tract, affecting areas from the mouth to the anus. Symptoms typically occur in the small intestine and colon. While the exact cause is unknown, heredity and immune system issues may contribute. Risk factors include being under 30, urban living, smoking, certain medications, and ethnic background.

Frequent Diarrhea

A common symptom of Crohn's disease is frequent diarrhea, caused by inflammation that disrupts water and electrolyte absorption. This leads to stools retaining excess fluid. In Crohn's, diarrhea may also result from increased bile acids. Bloody diarrhea occurs when the gastrointestinal lining is damaged, allowing blood and serum to leak into the stool.

Ulcer Development

People with Crohn's disease often develop ulcers in the mouth, stomach, and intestines. Mouth ulcers, which are small and painful, typically form along the gums, making chewing and swallowing difficult. Causes include vitamin deficiencies, medication side effects, and inflammation. Peptic ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the protective lining of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract.

Nausea and Persistent Vomiting

As Crohn's disease progresses, symptoms often worsen. Initially, nausea and vomiting may occur occasionally, but they become more frequent over time. This can be due to inflammation irritating the stomach or causing scarring in the small intestine, which obstructs the digestive tract and triggers these symptoms.

Constipation and Bowel Obstructions

Throughout Crohn's disease, some individuals may experience constipation. Initially, this can be due to inflammation. Bowel obstructions, a common complication, often cause constipation and can also lead to vomiting. The severity of symptoms depends on the size and degree of the blockage.

Weight Loss

Weight loss is common in Crohn's disease due to several factors. Frequent vomiting and diarrhea contribute to this, as do nutrient deficiencies and malabsorption. Additionally, symptoms like mouth ulcers and stomach pain may cause individuals to avoid eating, further leading to weight loss.

Anemia

Many people with inflammatory bowel disease develop anemia, though it is often overlooked by doctors. This is usually due to iron deficiency from chronic blood loss in the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammation also hinders iron absorption from food and supplements. Unabsorbed iron can sometimes become toxic, worsening Crohn's disease symptoms.

Fever

A fever can be a symptom of progressing Crohn's disease, though it is uncommon early on. Fevers are thought to be part of the inflammatory process but can also result from certain medications. For some, a fever signals potential complications. Abscesses, or pus collections, can cause fevers, as can a toxic megacolon—a severe complication where the large intestine dilates, worsening Crohn's symptoms.

Fatigue

Many studies show that most people with Crohn's disease experience fatigue, regardless of the disease's progression. Pain and discomfort often disrupt sleep, while anemia also contributes to fatigue. Additionally, managing Crohn's, undergoing treatment, and dealing with symptoms can lead to anxiety or depression, further exacerbating fatigue.

Sores or Eye Swelling

Some people with Crohn's disease experience extraintestinal symptoms, affecting areas beyond the gastrointestinal tract. About 10% develop eye irritation or inflammation, leading to blurred vision, eye pain, and light sensitivity. In severe cases, chronic inflammation can cause permanent damage and vision loss. While these issues are typically due to the disease's inflammation, they can also result from treatments like corticosteroids.

Arthritis

Another common extraintestinal symptom of Crohn's disease is arthritis, affecting nearly 30% of individuals with the condition. Although linking arthritis directly to inflammatory bowel diseases can be challenging, it is generally less severe than other forms of arthritis due to its association with gastrointestinal inflammation. The joints typically do not experience significant damage, and symptoms often improve with treatment of the underlying disease.

Foods That May Help Manage Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), affects three million Americans annually. People with Crohn’s may restrict their diet to alleviate symptoms, but this can lead to malnutrition, decreased bone strength, and growth delays. However, diet plays a crucial role in managing the condition. By selecting appropriate foods, individuals with Crohn’s can enjoy a varied diet, manage symptoms, and reduce the risk of malnutrition. It's important to consult a doctor for personalized dietary advice.

Low-Fiber Carbohydrates

Fiber is an important topic in the context of IBD, with many studies exploring the appropriate amount and type for those affected. People with Crohn's should include fiber in their diet but may benefit from a low-fiber diet during flare-ups, as high-fiber foods can exacerbate symptoms. Those with a narrowed bowel or obstruction are often advised to follow a low-fiber diet. Low-fiber carbohydrates include white rice, bread, and pasta.

Low-Fiber Fruit and Vegetables

To maintain a balanced diet, it's important to include fruits and vegetables, even on a low-fiber diet. During a flare-up, opt for well-cooked vegetables without skins, seeds, or stems, and avoid raw or steamed vegetables, beans, and cruciferous types like cabbage and cauliflower. Low-fiber fruit options include cooked or canned fruits, juices, and small amounts of honeydew melon and ripe banana. Avoid raw and dried fruits, especially prunes.

Lean Protein

Protein is essential for healing and muscle building, and people with Crohn's disease often need more due to bowel inflammation. However, high-protein foods can also be high in fat, which may worsen symptoms. Good sources of lean protein include fish, poultry (skinless white meat), soy, and eggs.

Oily Fish or Fish Oil Supplements

Fatty acids help reduce inflammation, and omega-3s may be beneficial in preventing and treating Crohn's disease. Research indicates they can decrease disease activity and improve quality of life. Omega-3s are primarily found in oily fish and are available as supplements.

Fermented Foods

Probiotics, found in certain foods and supplements, boost beneficial gut bacteria. While specific research on Crohn's is limited, evidence supports their benefits for other IBD conditions. A study showed probiotics can stabilize the intestinal barrier and reduce symptoms in children. Good sources include fermented foods like live yogurt, kombucha, and kimchi, as well as supplements.

Foods Containing Vitamin D

Vitamin D aids in calcium absorption for healthy bones and may help fight infection and reduce inflammation. Limited research suggests it could benefit Crohn's management. Our bodies produce vitamin D from sunlight, and it can also be obtained from foods like fortified plant-based milks, salmon, tuna, and sardines.

Turmeric

Research indicates that curcumin, a natural compound in turmeric, may aid in treating ulcerative colitis due to its anti-inflammatory properties. It could also be beneficial for Crohn's disease. Turmeric can be easily incorporated into recipes or taken as a supplement.

Low-FODMAP Foods

A low-FODMAP diet may help manage symptoms during a Crohn's flare-up. FODMAPs are gas-producing carbohydrates that can be difficult to digest, such as fructose, lactose, and gluten. Low-FODMAP foods include dairy-free milk, eggs, meat, oats, and rice. This diet is very restrictive and should be followed under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Fluids

During Crohn's flare-ups, dehydration can occur from fluid loss due to diarrhea or reduced intake due to nausea. Mild dehydration may cause dry mouth, headaches, fatigue, and low energy, while chronic dehydration can lead to kidney issues. To stay hydrated, drink plenty of water and herbal tea, but avoid sugary drinks, caffeine, and alcohol, as they can worsen symptoms.

Early Symptoms of Measles: Recognizing the Initial Signs for Prompt Action

Measles is a highly contagious viral illness preventable through vaccination. However, understanding the early signs and symptoms is critical for rapid diagnosis and prevention of its spread, especially with the recent resurgence in cases. Recognizing these early signals allows for quicker medical intervention, minimizing potential complications.

Fever: The First Red Flag

• Progression: Characteristically, the fever starts mildly and steadily increases over the first few days. This gradual escalation is a key differentiator from some other viral infections where the fever might spike rapidly.
• Temperature: The fever can eventually reach high temperatures (103°F or 39.4°C and above), sometimes even exceeding 104°F (40°C).
• Accompanying Symptoms: The fever is usually accompanied by other early symptoms, creating a cluster that should raise suspicion.
• Management: Manage the fever with appropriate doses of acetaminophen or ibuprofen (following recommended guidelines for age and weight).

Cough: More Than Just a Cold

• Nature: The cough associated with measles is typically described as dry, hacking, and persistent. It's often more intense than a typical cold cough.
• Origin: The cough stems from the virus irritating the airways.
• Impact: The cough can be quite debilitating, affecting sleep and daily activities.
• Treatment: Over-the-counter cough medications may provide temporary relief, but they won't address the underlying cause.

Runny Nose (Coryza): Beyond the Sniffles

• Characteristics: Measles-related coryza isn't just a mild sniffle. It involves significant inflammation and congestion of the nasal passages.
• Discharge: The nasal discharge is typically clear in the initial stages but can become thicker and potentially yellowish or greenish as the infection progresses.
• Impact: The runny nose can lead to difficulty breathing, especially in infants.
• Alleviation: Using a humidifier, saline nasal drops, and gentle suction (for infants) can help alleviate congestion.

Sore Throat: A Painful Irritation

• Description: The sore throat caused by measles is often described as scratchy or painful.
• Mechanism: The virus inflames the throat's mucous membranes.
• Manifestation: Swallowing may become uncomfortable or even painful.
• Relief: Gargling with warm salt water, using throat lozenges, and staying hydrated can soothe the sore throat.

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Red and Watery Eyes

• Presentation: The hallmark of measles-related conjunctivitis is redness, watering, and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia).
• Secretion: There might be some discharge from the eyes, but it's typically watery and not as thick and purulent as with bacterial conjunctivitis.
• Sensitivity to Light: Photophobia can be quite pronounced, making it difficult to tolerate bright light.
• Remedies: Applying cool compresses to the eyes can provide some relief. Dimming the lights may help with photophobia.

The Diagnostic Key: Koplik Spots

These pinpoint-sized white lesions (often described as grains of salt or sand) surrounded by a narrow red inflammatory areola occur on the buccal mucous membrane. Koplik spots appear 1-2 days before measles rash. They are pathognomonic of measles and are virtually diagnostic.

What to Do at the First Sign

• Isolate: If you suspect measles based on these early symptoms, isolate yourself or the affected individual to prevent further spread.
• Contact Your Doctor Immediately: Call your healthcare provider before going to their office or a clinic to inform them of your suspicion and allow them to take necessary precautions. Telehealth/virtual appointment may be an option.
• Avoid Sharing: Do not share personal items like utensils, cups, or towels.
• Monitor Symptoms: Closely monitor symptoms and report any changes to your healthcare provider.