15 Causes of Vertigo

Vertigo manifests as a feeling of spinning experienced by an individual or the perception that the environment is whirling. Medical professionals categorize vertigo into two types: peripheral and central. Peripheral vertigo is associated with the vestibular system within the inner ear and may result from infections, injuries, or adverse reactions to medications. Central vertigo, which is less common, typically arises from issues within the central nervous system. The duration of vertigo episodes can vary, ranging from a few minutes to several hours, and may, in some instances, persist for days.

1. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is a prevalent form of vertigo, often triggered by specific head movements such as bending or turning while in bed. It occurs when minuscule calcium carbonate crystals detach from their usual location in the inner ear, leading to excessive stimulation of the hair cells that detect motion. This can cause the brain to perceive movement erroneously. Typically, the spells of dizziness are brief and do not necessitate medical intervention, though there is a minor risk of falls. BPPV more commonly affects individuals over the age of 50.

2. The labyrinthitis infection

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation within the bony labyrinth, a crucial part of the inner ear that oversees auditory and equilibrium functions. This inflammation often results in vertigo. The condition is typically instigated by viral infections, although bacterial infections can also be responsible. Symptoms associated with labyrinthitis include ear pain, hearing impairment, nausea, and occasionally fever.

3. Vestibular neuritis

Vestibular neuritis is a condition characterized by the inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which connects the inner ear's labyrinth to the brain. This inflammation typically follows a viral infection, such as a cold or upper respiratory infection. Symptoms of vestibular neuritis are similar to those of labyrinthitis and may include dizziness, balance issues, and, in some cases, hearing loss—which can be permanent. While symptoms may resolve within a few hours, they can also last for several weeks. The occurrence and severity of vestibular neuritis symptoms can profoundly affect a person's daily activities and overall quality of life.

4. Vertigo caused by an illness

Vertigo can be induced by certain underlying medical conditions. Individuals with multiple sclerosis may frequently face bouts of dizziness, a common manifestation associated with the disease. Likewise, vertigo may be a symptom experienced by those suffering from migraines or diabetes, particularly when diabetes results in atherosclerosis—hardening or narrowing of the arteries—that impedes blood flow to the brain. Furthermore, panic attacks are known to precipitate vertigo episodes.

5. Side effect of pregnancy

During early pregnancy, expectant mothers may experience vertigo due to hormonal fluctuations, which can influence blood sugar levels. Low blood sugar is commonly associated with dizziness. As the pregnancy progresses, lying on the back can also cause vertigo, as this posture allows the growing fetus to compress a major vein, disrupting blood flow to the heart. Typically, vertitude related to pregnancy should resolve after the birth of the baby.

6. Traveling

Vertigo is a common experience after travel, frequently associated with motion sickness from sea or car travel. When an individual steps from a moving vehicle onto solid ground, a transient disturbance in balance may occur, leading to temporary dizziness. This reaction typically resolves swiftly as the body acclimates to a stable environment. In rare instances, however, vertigo can persist for an extended period, particularly among individuals prone to migraines. It is important to seek medical advice if symptoms are prolonged or recurrent.

7. Too much time lying down

Individuals may experience a temporary sensation of vertigo after prolonged periods of lying down, such as during convalescence from illness. This sensation, similar to the feeling one might have after disembarking from a ship, results from the body readjusting to its upright posture and equilibrium. Generally, this form of vertigo dissipates swiftly.

8. Ear surgery

While incidences of vertigo post-ear surgery are uncommon, some individuals may encounter this as a temporary complication. Typically, this condition resolves spontaneously without the need for additional intervention. However, if symptoms persist, patients are advised to report any postoperative issues to their healthcare professional. The doctor will assess the severity of the vertigo and oversee the patient's progress, determining if further medical action is required. Please note that the embedded image is not displayed in this text format.

9. Head or neck injuries

Individuals recovering from a head injury may frequently experience vertigo, with the duration varying based on the injury’s severity and area of impact. It is possible for associated neck injuries to induce cervical vertigo in cases where the nerves or vascular structures are affected. Typically, the body is capable of healing such damage naturally over a period ranging from a few days to several weeks.

10. Genetic factors

Certain inherited conditions can be associated with vertigo. Meniere's disease, an inner ear disorder known to cause hearing impairment and tinnitus, often triggers intense vertigo episodes. It has a genetic component, though it can also occur in individuals without a familial predisposition. Otosclerosis, a less common genetic ear bone disorder, is another potential cause of vertigo. Approximately 50% of otosclerosis cases have a genetic factor that increases the susceptibility to this condition.

11. Central vertigo: beyond the inner ear

Central vertigo is characterized by disturbances originating within the brain, particularly the brainstem or cerebellum, in contrast to its more prevalent counterpart, peripheral vertigo, which arises from inner ear issues. Central vertigo is notably less common but typically indicates more serious neurologic conditions, potentially including stroke or multiple sclerosis. While it shares symptoms with peripheral vertigo, such as dizziness, central vertigo may present additional, more pronounced neurological symptoms, including coordination difficulties or speech impairment. Management strategies target the root cause and can encompass various treatments like pharmacotherapy, rehabilitative physical therapy, or in select cases, surgical interventions.

12. Medication-induced vertigo: the pharmaceutical culprit

Certain pharmaceuticals may inadvertently induce vertigo, a notable side effect associated with various drug classes including certain antibiotics, diuretics, central nervous system agents, antidepressants, contraceptives, antihypertensives, and anti-inflammatory drugs. It is advisable for patients who experience vertigo subsequent to initiating a new medication to seek medical advice. The prescribing physician may consider adjusting the medication regimen. Typically, vertigo symptoms may subside as the patient's body acclimates to the medication or when the course of treatment is complete.

13. Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS): when the ground keeps moving

Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS) is a condition marked by a continuous feeling of movement, such as rocking or swaying, that individuals often experience following sea travel or air flights. While the symptoms usually subside within 24 hours, they may persist for months or extend over years and are more prevalent in women. The causes of MdDS remain unclear, and although there is no definitive cure, management strategies including vestibular rehabilitation therapy and medication may alleviate symptoms. Proper diagnosis and awareness of MdDS are essential for individuals facing unexplained, enduring symptoms of dizziness post-travel.

14. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: a circulatory system concern

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency is a medical condition characterized by reduced blood flow in the vertebral or basilar arteries, which can impair circulation to the posterior region of the brain. Patients with this condition may experience symptoms including vertigo, vision disturbances, slurred speech, and physical weakness. Contributing risk factors for developing vertebrobasilar insufficiency are tobacco use, hypertension, and diabetes. Therapeutic strategies are aimed at enhancing blood flow and might encompass lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatment, and possibly surgical intervention to mitigate the risk of a cerebrovascular event, such as a stroke.

15. Autoimmune inner ear disease: when the body attacks itself

Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) constitutes a rare immune-mediated condition characterized by auditory and equilibrium disturbances, notably hearing loss and vertigo. The diagnostic process is comprehensive and often involves audiological evaluations, serological testing, and occasionally, radiological imaging to properly identify the disorder. Currently, no cure exists for AIED; however, management strategies primarily include corticosteroids to mitigate inflammation and modulate the immune system's activity. Prompt treatment is essential to avert irreversible impairment of the auditory and vestibular systems.