15 Causes of Vertigo

Vertigo manifests as a feeling of spinning experienced by an individual or the perception that the environment is whirling. Medical professionals categorize vertigo into two types: peripheral and central. Peripheral vertigo is associated with the vestibular system within the inner ear and may result from infections, injuries, or adverse reactions to medications. Central vertigo, which is less common, typically arises from issues within the central nervous system. The duration of vertigo episodes can vary, ranging from a few minutes to several hours, and may, in some instances, persist for days.

1. Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is a prevalent form of vertigo, often triggered by specific head movements such as bending or turning while in bed. It occurs when minuscule calcium carbonate crystals detach from their usual location in the inner ear, leading to excessive stimulation of the hair cells that detect motion. This can cause the brain to perceive movement erroneously. Typically, the spells of dizziness are brief and do not necessitate medical intervention, though there is a minor risk of falls. BPPV more commonly affects individuals over the age of 50.

2. The labyrinthitis infection

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation within the bony labyrinth, a crucial part of the inner ear that oversees auditory and equilibrium functions. This inflammation often results in vertigo. The condition is typically instigated by viral infections, although bacterial infections can also be responsible. Symptoms associated with labyrinthitis include ear pain, hearing impairment, nausea, and occasionally fever.

3. Vestibular neuritis

Vestibular neuritis is a condition characterized by the inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which connects the inner ear's labyrinth to the brain. This inflammation typically follows a viral infection, such as a cold or upper respiratory infection. Symptoms of vestibular neuritis are similar to those of labyrinthitis and may include dizziness, balance issues, and, in some cases, hearing loss—which can be permanent. While symptoms may resolve within a few hours, they can also last for several weeks. The occurrence and severity of vestibular neuritis symptoms can profoundly affect a person's daily activities and overall quality of life.

4. Vertigo caused by an illness

Vertigo can be induced by certain underlying medical conditions. Individuals with multiple sclerosis may frequently face bouts of dizziness, a common manifestation associated with the disease. Likewise, vertigo may be a symptom experienced by those suffering from migraines or diabetes, particularly when diabetes results in atherosclerosis—hardening or narrowing of the arteries—that impedes blood flow to the brain. Furthermore, panic attacks are known to precipitate vertigo episodes.

5. Side effect of pregnancy

During early pregnancy, expectant mothers may experience vertigo due to hormonal fluctuations, which can influence blood sugar levels. Low blood sugar is commonly associated with dizziness. As the pregnancy progresses, lying on the back can also cause vertigo, as this posture allows the growing fetus to compress a major vein, disrupting blood flow to the heart. Typically, vertitude related to pregnancy should resolve after the birth of the baby.

6. Traveling

Vertigo is a common experience after travel, frequently associated with motion sickness from sea or car travel. When an individual steps from a moving vehicle onto solid ground, a transient disturbance in balance may occur, leading to temporary dizziness. This reaction typically resolves swiftly as the body acclimates to a stable environment. In rare instances, however, vertigo can persist for an extended period, particularly among individuals prone to migraines. It is important to seek medical advice if symptoms are prolonged or recurrent.

7. Too much time lying down

Individuals may experience a temporary sensation of vertigo after prolonged periods of lying down, such as during convalescence from illness. This sensation, similar to the feeling one might have after disembarking from a ship, results from the body readjusting to its upright posture and equilibrium. Generally, this form of vertigo dissipates swiftly.

8. Ear surgery

While incidences of vertigo post-ear surgery are uncommon, some individuals may encounter this as a temporary complication. Typically, this condition resolves spontaneously without the need for additional intervention. However, if symptoms persist, patients are advised to report any postoperative issues to their healthcare professional. The doctor will assess the severity of the vertigo and oversee the patient's progress, determining if further medical action is required. Please note that the embedded image is not displayed in this text format.

9. Head or neck injuries

Individuals recovering from a head injury may frequently experience vertigo, with the duration varying based on the injury’s severity and area of impact. It is possible for associated neck injuries to induce cervical vertigo in cases where the nerves or vascular structures are affected. Typically, the body is capable of healing such damage naturally over a period ranging from a few days to several weeks.

10. Genetic factors

Certain inherited conditions can be associated with vertigo. Meniere's disease, an inner ear disorder known to cause hearing impairment and tinnitus, often triggers intense vertigo episodes. It has a genetic component, though it can also occur in individuals without a familial predisposition. Otosclerosis, a less common genetic ear bone disorder, is another potential cause of vertigo. Approximately 50% of otosclerosis cases have a genetic factor that increases the susceptibility to this condition.

11. Central vertigo: beyond the inner ear

Central vertigo is characterized by disturbances originating within the brain, particularly the brainstem or cerebellum, in contrast to its more prevalent counterpart, peripheral vertigo, which arises from inner ear issues. Central vertigo is notably less common but typically indicates more serious neurologic conditions, potentially including stroke or multiple sclerosis. While it shares symptoms with peripheral vertigo, such as dizziness, central vertigo may present additional, more pronounced neurological symptoms, including coordination difficulties or speech impairment. Management strategies target the root cause and can encompass various treatments like pharmacotherapy, rehabilitative physical therapy, or in select cases, surgical interventions.

12. Medication-induced vertigo: the pharmaceutical culprit

Certain pharmaceuticals may inadvertently induce vertigo, a notable side effect associated with various drug classes including certain antibiotics, diuretics, central nervous system agents, antidepressants, contraceptives, antihypertensives, and anti-inflammatory drugs. It is advisable for patients who experience vertigo subsequent to initiating a new medication to seek medical advice. The prescribing physician may consider adjusting the medication regimen. Typically, vertigo symptoms may subside as the patient's body acclimates to the medication or when the course of treatment is complete.

13. Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS): when the ground keeps moving

Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS) is a condition marked by a continuous feeling of movement, such as rocking or swaying, that individuals often experience following sea travel or air flights. While the symptoms usually subside within 24 hours, they may persist for months or extend over years and are more prevalent in women. The causes of MdDS remain unclear, and although there is no definitive cure, management strategies including vestibular rehabilitation therapy and medication may alleviate symptoms. Proper diagnosis and awareness of MdDS are essential for individuals facing unexplained, enduring symptoms of dizziness post-travel.

14. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: a circulatory system concern

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency is a medical condition characterized by reduced blood flow in the vertebral or basilar arteries, which can impair circulation to the posterior region of the brain. Patients with this condition may experience symptoms including vertigo, vision disturbances, slurred speech, and physical weakness. Contributing risk factors for developing vertebrobasilar insufficiency are tobacco use, hypertension, and diabetes. Therapeutic strategies are aimed at enhancing blood flow and might encompass lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatment, and possibly surgical intervention to mitigate the risk of a cerebrovascular event, such as a stroke.

15. Autoimmune inner ear disease: when the body attacks itself

Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) constitutes a rare immune-mediated condition characterized by auditory and equilibrium disturbances, notably hearing loss and vertigo. The diagnostic process is comprehensive and often involves audiological evaluations, serological testing, and occasionally, radiological imaging to properly identify the disorder. Currently, no cure exists for AIED; however, management strategies primarily include corticosteroids to mitigate inflammation and modulate the immune system's activity. Prompt treatment is essential to avert irreversible impairment of the auditory and vestibular systems.

9 Types of Bruises and Everything You Should Know About

A contusion, commonly known as a bruise, manifests as a visible discoloration on the skin, resulting from subdermal hemorrhaging due to broken blood vessels. While often a consequence of physical trauma, bruises can also occur without injury. Characterized by the absence of external bleeding, bruises present a spectrum of shades—including black, purple, brown, blue, or yellow—depending on their age and severity. Although anyone can sustain a bruise, certain individuals may be more susceptible to bruising than others.

1. Hematoma

A hematoma typically develops as a result of an injury, leading to a collection of blood beneath the skin that may feel firm, uneven, or compressible. While hematomas may appear concerning due to their appearance and texture, they are generally not dangerous and do not lead to blood clots. The condition often resolves naturally within a span of one to four weeks without requiring significant medical intervention.

2. Purpura

Purpura refers to small, purple-colored lesions ranging from 4 to 10 mm across that manifest on the skin or mucous membranes, such as within the mouth and throat. These lesions result from the leakage of minute blood vessels, typically presenting as numerous pinpoint dots. Purpura may indicate an underlying medical issue, such as thrombocytopenia (a reduction in platelet count), and might arise from a variety of causes including congenital conditions, adverse drug reactions, or nutritional deficiencies.

3. Petechiae

Petechiae are minute hemorrhagic spots under the skin, closely resembling purpura but distinguished by their size, with petechiae being less than 4 mm in diameter. These small, flat spots are neither painful nor itchy, and unlike rashes, they do not change color when pressure is applied. Their occurrence can be attributed to a variety of factors including thrombocytopenia (a reduced platelet count), the use of certain medications, or more severe underlying conditions such as endocarditis, systemic infections, or leukemia. It is critical to accurately differentiate petechiae from common rashes for appropriate medical evaluation and treatment.

4. Senile Purpura

Age-related changes in the skin can lead to a condition known as senile purpura, characterized by bruising primarily on the hands and forearms of older adults. This occurs due to diminished skin density and increased fragility of blood vessels in the elderly. Such bruises manifest as dark purple patches that may arise without a clear cause and typically resolve within a week, although they can leave a lasting brownish stain on the skin.

5. Black Eye

A black eye typically results from facial trauma and is characterized by bruising around the eye. While most black eyes are relatively benign and heal on their own, they can occasionally indicate more severe injuries such as internal ocular damage, orbital fractures, or even cranial fractures. Prompt medical attention is warranted if additional symptoms like double vision, bilateral bruising (around both eyes), or epistaxis (nosebleeds) accompany the black eye, as these can be signs of a more critical condition.

6. Muscle Contusions

A muscle contusion refers to a bruise that affects the tissues and fibers of the muscle due to a direct impact, distinct from bruises that merely discolor the skin. It is a prevalent sports-related injury. Such trauma can lead to significant swelling and pain, resulting in restricted motion and diminished capacity to bear weight on the affected joint. In more severe cases, substantial hematomas may develop in the injured region.

7. Subcutaneous Bruises

Bruises can be categorized according to their location on the body. Subcutaneous bruises, those occurring just below the skin, typically begin as a red discoloration, transitioning through blue and purple shades, and eventually turning green or yellow as they heal. To mitigate such bruising, immediate application of ice to the affected area and keeping it elevated can be beneficial in reducing the severity and spread of bruising.

8. Intramuscular Bruises

Intramuscular bruises, commonly referred to as muscle contusions, are prevalent among male athletes engaged in highly physical sports such as rugby, football, soccer, and ice hockey. These injuries occur beneath the skin within the muscle tissue and are categorized by varying degrees of severity. While serious complications such as compartment syndrome or rhabdomyolysis are unusual, they are potential risks associated with severe bruising and should be monitored carefully.

9. Periosteal Bruises

Bone bruises, also known as periosteal bruises or microfractures, represent a type of injury where the bone tissue is damaged but not fully broken. Although these injuries are not as critical as fractures, they can cause significant discomfort and pain. Bone bruises can result from a variety of incidents such as vehicular accidents, sports-related traumas, falls, or sprains, leading to the accumulation of blood beneath the periosteum—a thin tissue layer enveloping the bone—or internal bleeding within the bone itself, contributing to swelling at the site of injury.

10. Who Is Prone to Bruising?

Bruising susceptibility varies among individuals due to factors such as genetics, diet, and coordination—affecting how frequently one might sustain minor injuries. Notably, women tend to bruise more easily than men, and the likelihood of bruising increases with age, as older adults have more fragile skin and vascular structures. Medical professionals are attentive to the occurrence of frequent bruising, which can be an important indicator of potential abuse, warranting special vigilance in the care of children and the elderly.

11. Medication

Certain pharmaceuticals may increase the likelihood of bruising. Commonly used over-the-counter medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen have been known to influence clotting times. This is also true for prescription blood thinners, including warfarin and heparin. Furthermore, specific antidepressants, steroids, and certain antibiotics may interfere with the clotting process. It is also important to note that the application of topical steroid creams may lead to skin thinning, which could result in a heightened risk of bruising.

For illustrative purposes, a visual representation of such medications and their effects can be found through various educational resources.

12. When to See a Doctor

Bruising is a natural response to injury, and in most cases, bruises heal independently without intervention. However, persistent or excessive bruising could indicate an underlying medical condition. Some symptoms to be aware of include more frequent bruising than usual or bruises that occur without any known cause. These symptoms can be associated with various health issues, such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), functional platelet disorders, or coagulation anomalies. If you are experiencing unusual bruising patterns, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for evaluation and appropriate management.

15 Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can involve any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are more prevalent among women, with roughly 50% experiencing at least one UTI in their lifetime. The anatomical difference, notably the shorter length of the female urethra, contributes to this increased susceptibility, as it allows bacteria easier access to the urinary tract. However, with proper medical diagnosis, uncomplicated UTIs can be effectively treated with prescription medications, and the severity of the infection can often be assessed through its symptoms.

Burning Urination

A primary symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI) is a burning sensation during urination. Urine flows through the ureters towards elimination. In some cases, E. coli, ordinarily found in the intestines, may migrate from the perianal region to the urinary tract, particularly during sexual activity or improper post-defecation hygiene. This is a pertinent reason for the recommendation that women maintain a front-to-back wiping technique to reduce the risk of contamination. Once the bacteria colonize the ureters, they provoke an inflammatory response. Consequently, the passage of urine over the inflamed tissue can result in discomfort and pain.

Frequent Urination

Individuals experiencing urinary tract infections (UTIs) often exhibit an increased frequency of urination. This is typically because the infection prevents the bladder from fully emptying. Frequent urination can also be caused by obstruction, inflammation, other infections, or additional health conditions. A prominent symptom of UTIs is an urgent, persistent need to urinate, even if the amount expelled is minimal. Patients may also encounter discomfort due to a burning sensation during urination.

Back Pain

A notable indication of a urinary tract infection (UTI) is a persistent lower back pain, often mistaken for muscle soreness. Such discomfort may not respond to common over-the-counter analgesics. If experiencing flank pain, it may suggest that the infection has extended to the kidneys—wherein targeted antibiotic therapy is typically required for relief. To alleviate symptoms temporarily, it is advisable to rest, stay hydrated, and limit physical activity.

Cloudy or Smelly Urine

A urinary tract infection (UTI) can alter the characteristics of the urine in those affected. Common changes include decreased urine output despite an increased urge to urinate. The appearance of the urine may also become cloudy and emit an unpleasant odor throughout the course of the infection. It's important to monitor these symptoms as they may indicate the presence of a UTI.

Blood in Urine

Occasionally, the excreted fluid may exhibit visible pus or a darker hue due to the presence of blood. The appearance of blood in urine can indicate a severe infection or other medical conditions affecting the urinary system. Such infections, if severe, have the potential to lead to complications including damage to the kidneys.

Genital Pain

Individuals may experience persistent pelvic and genital discomfort unrelated to urination, often described as a continuous, dull ache that cannot be overlooked. Initiating treatment is expected to alleviate this pain. Should there be no improvement within a two days of starting treatment, it is imperative to seek further evaluation from a healthcare provider. While discomfort can be a normal reaction to various conditions, enduring pain without a clear cause should be taken as a sign that medical assessment is warranted to identify and address any underlying issues.

Fever

An infection of the upper urinary tract often presents with fever and chills, symptoms common to many other conditions, which may complicate timely, accurate diagnosis. It is critical for patients experiencing these alongside other urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms to comprehensively communicate their health status to their healthcare provider. This ensures accurate diagnosis and the formulation of an effective treatment strategy.

Nausea

When a urinary tract infection (UTI) progresses to the stage where kidney function is affected, individuals may experience persistent nausea, which can occur with or without food intake. This nausea may sometimes escalate to vomiting. Gradual consumption of bland foods might mitigate the worsening of nausea, but it is generally insufficient to completely alleviate the sensation.

Vomiting

While some individuals experiencing urinary tract infections (UTIs) may encounter nausea, leading to vomiting, persistent nausea despite treatment warrants further attention. This symptom could signal a more serious infection, potentially necessitating an alternative therapeutic approach to achieve complete recovery.

Discharge

Urinary tract infections may result in a discharge that varies from normal urethral secretions regarding appearance, texture, and odor, affecting both male and female patients. Typically, this discharge resolves after recovery; however, should it continue, further medical evaluation is advised. It is imperative for individuals presenting with abnormal discharge to undergo diagnostic testing to exclude other possible conditions, such as yeast infections or sexually transmitted diseases.

Pain During Intercourse

A urinary tract infection (UTI) often exacerbates the sensitivity of the urethra, as it can cause significant irritation and inflammation. This heightened sensitivity can make sexual intercourse particularly uncomfortable, as the urethra and surrounding tissues, susceptible to friction, can lead to increased discomfort or pain when inflamed. For women, this pain may be exacerbated due to pressure exerted on the bladder by the internal vaginal walls during sexual activity. Furthermore, sexual activity during a UTI episode may lead to the introduction of additional bacteria into the urethra, potentially aggravating the infection and increasing the level of pain experienced.

Leakage

During micturition, the central nervous system communicates with musculature surrounding the urinary tract, orchestrating bladder contractions and facilitating the expulsion of urine through the urethra. In the event that pathogenic bacteria infiltrate from the urethral entrance to the bladder, the resultant inflammation can lead to increased pressure within the bladder. This may precipitate involuntary urine leakage, independent of the regulatory cues typically issued by the body.

Fatigue

Experiencing persistent fatigue may be indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI). This tiredness, which can occur in conjunction with other UTI symptoms, might stem from the body's immunological response as it combats the invasive bacteria. Such an ongoing defensive process can result in a general feeling of weariness and reduced energy levels.

Confusion

A urinary tract infection (UTI) has the potential to impair cognitive functions, particularly leading to confusion and challenges in concentration. In older individuals, these symptoms may be more severe and can indicate a progression of the infection to the kidneys. It's worth noting that elder adults may not exhibit traditional symptoms such as fever, and their inability to clearly communicate their discomfort can complicate the diagnosis of UTIs in this demographic. Therefore, if there is an onset of mental disorientation accompanied by typical UTI indicators, it is crucial to seek immediate medical consultation to address the condition effectively.

Feeling Cold or Shivering

An atypical and concerning symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI) is experiencing chills or severe shivering despite being in a warm environment; these symptoms are referred to as rigors. Rigors may indicate that the UTI has evolved into a systemic infection. Prompt medical attention is critical if rigors are observed in conjunction with high fever, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, pain in the back or side (flank pain), rapid heart rate, increased breathing rate, changes in mental state, or an absence of urination for over 12 hours. These conditions may require immediate treatment to prevent any severe complications.