15 Signs Of Bone Cancer

Primary bone cancer constitutes a mere 0.2 percent of all cancer cases, as reported by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. While hereditary factors may play a role, the precise etiology of bone cancer remains unclear. It is important to note that most bone tumors are benign. Typically, cancerous cells discovered in the bone have metastasized from another location in the body, distinguishing them from primary bone malignancies. Symptoms of bone cancer, or metastatic cancer in the bones, can manifest in various ways.

Pain

Bone cancer typically presents with pain as its initial symptom, which may be mild and sporadic, intensifying during nighttime or post-exercise, and is often managed with over-the-counter analgesics in the early stages. As the condition advances, the pain escalates to a constant and more pronounced discomfort. Accurately characterizing the pain—whether aching, stabbing, throbbing, or burning—can be crucial for healthcare providers to administer appropriate pain management and contribute to the diagnostic process.

Tingling, numbness, or a burning sensation

Patients with bone cancer may experience a unique form of discomfort characterized by tingling, numbness, or a burning feeling when the disease impacts nerves within the bone. This nerve pain differs from more common pain types and can be challenging for patients to articulate during consultations. The disruption caused by bone cancer alters the regular functioning of bone cells, leading to nerve irritation, nerve fiber damage, and heightened sensitivity. Medical experts indicate that tumor growth in proximity to the bone's internal nerves exacerbates these neuropathic symptoms.

Joint stiffness and swelling

Bone cancers typically arise in close proximity to joints, particularly in the upper limbs or lower extremities. Patients commonly report tenderness in the affected region, accompanied by stiffness that impairs joint mobility. Subsequent signs include localized swelling and erythema, appearing several weeks after the onset of pain. Palpable masses or lumps may also be discernible near the involved joint. Medical practitioners assess these symptoms through physical examination, evaluating the extent of swelling, tenderness, and any alterations in the appearance of the skin.

Weakened bones and fractures

Bone tumors commonly arise in the long bones of the upper arms, legs, and the pelvis, with many being benign, though they can also be malignant. Malignant tumors may weaken the bones, increasing the risk of fractures. Symptoms such as the development of a limp or sudden, severe pain in an area that was mildly aching could indicate bone cancer. Diagnostic imaging performed for unrelated issues, like sprained ankles or knee injuries, sometimes incidentally reveals benign bone tumors. Fractures may result from the compromised strength of bones affected by cancer, occurring in proximity to or directly through the tumor site.

Low back pain

Bone cancer in the pelvic region can lead to lower back discomfort and sciatica, conditions commonly experienced by adults, potentially delaying the cancer's diagnosis. Individuals typically diagnosed with pelvic bone cancer are those over 45 years old, often presenting with persistent pain that has lasted for at least a month. Patients usually report sudden and nocturnal back pain or sciatica, which worsens progressively and does not improve with positional adjustments or bed rest. Since these symptoms are not a result of physical injury, conventional back pain treatments tend to be unsuccessful.

Fever

Fever is a common symptom among cancer patients and may indicate the body's response to infection or illness. While not typically a primary indicator of bone cancer, it can suggest complications, particularly if the patient's immune response is compromised by the cancer. A fever might also be indicative of cancer progression or metastasis. Medical consultation is recommended, especially if the fever is accompanied by severe pain or exceeds 103°F (39.4°C), as prompt evaluation and management are crucial.

Fatigue

Fatigue is a common early indicator of various cancers, including bone cancer, often leaving individuals feeling overwhelmingly exhausted after minimal activity and unrelieved by rest. In addition to the primary disease, contributing factors such as elevated pain levels and anemia—thought to be linked with cancer's impact on the central nervous system, muscular energy regulation, and sleep-wake cycles—exacerbate this fatigue. Moreover, insufficient nutrition may further intensify the fatigue experienced by those suffering from bone cancer.

Night sweats

Night sweats, or sleep hyperhidrosis, may be indicative of certain cancer types. These symptoms are not caused by an overheated sleeping environment, but are believed to stem from hormonal imbalances associated with diseases, including bone cancer. Such physiological responses could represent the body's mechanism to combat cancer or a manifestation of underlying stress or anxiety. Additionally, the presence of fever can contribute to increased sweating during sleep.

Loss of appetite and weight loss

Unintentional weight loss exceeding ten pounds may be an indicative symptom of bone cancer. Such weight fluctuations and muscle atrophy are frequently associated with cancerous conditions. Clinical studies have demonstrated that cancer may trigger the release of cytokines, which are proteins synthesized by various cell types, including those of the immune system. These cytokines can suppress appetite, leading to suboptimal nutrition and resulting in both weight and muscle loss. A critical medical condition known as cachexia, characterized by severe weight loss and muscle wasting, is often observed in late-stage cancer patients.

Anemia

Bone marrow-related bone cancer can lead to anemia, a condition characterized by insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin, which can disrupt the delivery of adequate oxygen throughout the body. Anemia may manifest through fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, headaches, chest discomfort, arrhythmias, and dizziness. Medical professionals utilize a complete blood count (CBC) test to determine an individual’s red blood cell count to diagnose and assess the condition.

Difficulty in urination

Pelvic bone cancer may exert pressure on proximate organs and manifest as a range of urinary symptoms, including difficult or painful urination and hematuria. Such symptoms suggest the need for a medical evaluation to determine the possible influence of bone cancer on the pelvic area. It is advisable for individuals experiencing these symptoms to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.

Changes in bowel habits

In instances where pelvic bone cancer is present, individuals may notice alterations in their bowel habits such as constipation or diarrhea. These symptoms can be attributed to the pressure exerted by the tumor on the intestines or adjacent organs, leading to a disruption of normal bowel function.

Vision problems

Osteosarcoma of the orbital bones can manifest with several ocular symptoms due to its proximity to critical structures required for vision. The orbits are anatomical structures that contain the eyes and are encased by bone. Tumoral growth within this area may compress the optic nerves and nearby vasculature, potentially leading to symptoms such as blurred vision, diplopia (double vision), altered ocular appearance, and discomfort. These symptoms can be quite distressing, having a considerable impact on individuals' daily lives and overall wellbeing. Addressing these concerns promptly and effectively is essential for preserving vision and maintaining quality of life.

Hearing loss

Bone cancer impacting the cranial bones may lead to auditory complications. Such issues often occur when the malignancy places pressure on the auditory nerves or affects the ear's critical structures. Affected individuals might experience a progressive decline in auditory perception or abrupt deterioration in sound clarity. These auditory challenges are a source of concern as they impede daily activities, interpersonal communication, and overall quality of life.

Swollen lymph nodes

Bone cancer may cause the lymph nodes close to the affected area to become swollen. These small, bean-shaped glands are an essential component of the immune response. Enlargement of lymph nodes generally indicates an immune reaction to a condition such as an infection or cancerous cells. These swollen nodes, detectable and sometimes tender under the skin, can vary in size and occur in a single place or more widely. The challenges associated with bone cancer can significantly impact the patient's quality of life. Timely identification and informed medical choices are crucial for effectively managing the disease. Regular health screenings and proactive engagement with medical specialists are fundamental steps towards a better health outcome.