Hyperparathyroidism: The Silent Disease with 10 Key Symptoms

Hyperparathyroidism is an uncommon condition that predominantly affects individuals over the age of 50, with a higher incidence in women compared to men. This disorder is marked by elevated calcium levels in the blood, resulting from excessive secretion of parathyroid hormones by the parathyroid glands, which are situated in the neck. These glands are integral components of the endocrine system, releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. Specifically, the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is crucial for maintaining proper calcium balance. PTH regulates blood calcium levels by modulating calcium release from bones, absorption in the small intestine, and excretion in the urine.

1. Types of hyperparathyroidism

There are two types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when the parathyroid glands enlarge and overproduce the parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to elevated calcium levels in the blood, known as hypercalcemia. This condition can cause various health issues and is best treated through surgical removal of the overactive parathyroid gland. Secondary hyperparathyroidism results from another underlying disease, initially causing low blood calcium levels. In response, the parathyroid glands increase PTH production, leading to a significant rise in the hormone over time.

2. No apparent symptoms

The disease can be accurately diagnosed prior to the onset of symptoms. Typically, symptoms arise due to dysfunction or damage to other tissues or organs, often caused by elevated calcium levels in the blood or urine. This can further lead to increased calcium content in the bones. However, symptoms may sometimes be subtle or negligible, making it challenging to associate them with parathyroid disorders. As a result, diagnosis often occurs only when the condition has progressed to a more severe stage.

3. Problems with the bones and joints

Symptoms of the disease can vary significantly among individuals. In some cases, the condition may result in prolonged discomfort, often lasting one to two years, due to elevated calcium levels in the bloodstream. The primary source of this excess calcium is the bones, leading to their weakening and increasing susceptibility to fractures, a condition known as osteoporosis. This painful condition predominantly affects the bones in the legs and arms but can also impact the entire skeletal system.

4. Frequently feeling weak or sick

Hyperparathyroidism manifests through symptoms such as weakness, lethargy, and chronic fatigue. Patients often experience a significant loss of energy, resulting in quick exhaustion and a reluctance to engage in activities requiring effort. This condition can make individuals feel prematurely aged and disinterested in most activities. Additionally, persistent body aches and sleep disturbances are common. The rapid onset of fatigue is a hallmark symptom of hyperparathyroidism.

5. Abdominal issues

Hyperparathyroidism is challenging to diagnose due to its often asymptomatic nature or manifestation of only mild symptoms. Routine blood tests, which can identify high calcium levels, are useful in diagnosing various conditions, including hyperparathyroidism. Individuals may experience abdominal pain, which can be a significant indicator. Even in the absence of evident symptoms, patients might feel general weakness, aches, and nonspecific discomforts. This disease can also lead to the development of abdominal pain and stomach ulcers. To rule out hyperthyroidism and confirm a diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism, a thorough medical evaluation is advised.

6. Issues with the kidneys and urination

The formation of kidney stones is a significant indicator of potential disease. High levels of calcium in the blood often manifest in the urine, leading to kidney stone formation. If untreated, this can progress to kidney failure. Additionally, frequent urination, accompanied by persistent thirst, commonly indicates dehydration and can be a symptom of hyperparathyroidism. Managing this condition effectively requires adequate fluid intake.

7. Nausea, vomiting, and appetite loss

Individuals affected by this disease may experience symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Nausea and vomiting are common indicators of numerous underlying health conditions. Nausea refers to the sensation that one’s stomach is about to eject its contents, whereas vomiting involves the actual expulsion of those contents. Loss of appetite can be a more generalized symptom associated with various diseases. Typically, these symptoms are temporary and treatable with medication. However, severe cases may be indicative of hyperparathyroidism.

8. Mental and emotional symptoms

Hyperparathyroidism often begins as a benign condition but can progressively worsen, significantly impacting one's health and quality of life. Early symptoms are subtle and easily overlooked; they include memory lapses, forgetfulness, and difficulty concentrating. Additionally, individuals may experience frequent headaches, irritability, and depression. These symptoms are common and often mistakenly attributed to other causes, obscuring the connection to hyperparathyroidism.

9. High blood pressure and heart issues

Prolonged exposure to stress can lead to hypertension and cardiovascular issues. Individuals with such conditions may experience atrial fibrillation or an elevated heart rate, necessitating the use of blood thinners and pacemakers. Additionally, blood pressure may fluctuate erratically. This serious medical condition requires professional treatment.

10. Heightened calcium levels

Elevated calcium levels in the blood do not directly indicate the severity of symptoms; rather, the duration of elevated calcium affects the risk of complications. Short-term increases in calcium levels may not be indicative of a disease but should be monitored for potential changes. Persistent high calcium levels over extended periods, however, are a concern. Individuals with slightly elevated calcium levels might dismiss it as non-hyperparathyroid-related, yet prolonged mild elevations can remain undiagnosed for years, eventually leading to the manifestation of disease symptoms. The longer the condition persists, the more likely it is that additional symptoms will appear.